Open Access Kent State (OAKS)

Between its loss of empire in 1898 and the middle of the twentieth century, Spain oscillated between historicism and modernism in architecture. Ideas about looking back at iconic projects (such as the Barcelona and Seville Cathedrals) contrast with ambitious forward-thinking in construction, creating a cultural, regional, and generational schism. This debate was evident in two international exhibitions: the Ibero-American Exposition (IAE) in Seville, and the Barcelona International Exposition (BIE), both of which were constructed for 1929. While the Seville Exhibit recalled Spain's bygone glory as an Imperial power, the Barcelona Exhibit looked forward to modern ideas and international connections.

This paper will analyze these two expos and answer questions about the inspirations behind and implications of each, particularly when considering historicism and modernism. This topic is particularly important due to the nature of the exhibitions, both of which were hugely influential in the development of Spanish architecture over the course of the next few decades. The Seville and Barcelona exhibits were pivotal moments in Spanish architectural history, and should be examined in context and connection, rather than isolated events.

Although there has been some research on each exhibition individually, there are few papers that relate them to each other and to their historical implications. To show meaning and connection between each exhibition, this paper will consult period Spanish journal articles (such as Arquitectura or A.C. Documentos) and travel documents (such as Evelyn Waugh’s 1930 book Labels) as well as historiographical accounts.

We consider the problem of covering an unknown planar environment possibly containing obstacles using a robot of square size

D × D attached to a fixed point S by a cable of finite length L. The

environment is structured as a cell layout with resolution proportional to the robot size D × D, imposed on it. Starting at S, the task

for the robot is to visit each cell of the environment (not occupied by obstacles) and return to S with the cable fully retracted. In a single time step, the robot can move from one cell to one of its four adjacent cells. The cable length of L allows the robot to visit a cell that is at distance at most L (i.e., ⌊L/D⌋ cells in the environment at increasing distance) from S. Our goal is to minimize the total

distance traveled by the robot to fully cover the unknown environment avoiding tangling the cable. In this paper, we present the first

online tethered coverage path planning algorithm that achieves 2- approximation for the total distance traveled by the robot compared to the distance traveled using an optimal offline algorithm. Our algorithm guarantees that the cable never tangles. Moreover, our algorithm significantly improves the 2L/D-approximation achieved by the best previously known algorithm designed for this problem.

Furthermore, we show that there are instances for which no on- line algorithm achieves better than 2-approximation, which implies

that our algorithm is essentially optimal. Simulation experiments illustrate the usefulness and efficiency of our proposed algorithm.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be transmitted by infected individuals through sexual fluids, blood, and breast milk. It functions to weaken the immune system by targeting healthy CD4 cells and in turn, impedes the body’s ability to fight minor infections. In order to infect the host, the virus must first bind to a CD4 receptor followed by binding of a co-receptor; either CCR5 or CXCR4. A specific mutation to the CCR5 receptor at position D32, results in a 32 base pair deletion and hypothesized to inhibit expression of the CCR5 receptor on the cell surface of T-cells. It has been found that individuals who are homozygous for D32 mutation are resistant to HIV infection whereas those heterozygous for the mutation exhibit a slower onset of symptoms. We used the gene editing tool CRISPR/Cas9 to target and cut specific sequences on the CCR5 gene that are believed to prevent receptor presentation of the surface of T-cells. We expect that only HIV that can utilize CXCR4 as a co-receptor would be able to infect CCR5 knock out cells.

In the US and around the globe, over 60% of our electricity is from burning fossil fuels. Fuel cells can be twice as efficient and have the potential to dramatically change the way electricity is generated. When hydrogen and oxygen meet on the electrolyte plate, a catalyst spurs a reaction that creates H₂O and electricity, without greenhouse emissions. Emissions can be generated through obtaining hydrogen, but with significantly less greenhouse gases and higher fuel-energy conversion.

There is a unique opportunity to study a large commercial fuel cell, a 150 Kilowatt Fuel Cell Module (FCM). This FCM was donated by a company represented by the letter B*, per a Non-Disclosure Agreement. The FCM weighs 720 pounds and works with 9 other units to create one megawatt of power. 1 unit is disassembled.

The Objective of this project is to understand gas distribution, exhaust and operating conditions, focusing on the flow of hydrogen, oxygen and water in the module. To achieve this objective, the 150 kW FCM will be dissembled and mapped. All parts taken out will be identified and reassembled.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem inflammatory autoimmune disease that manifests in physical symptoms and central nervous system impairment. Cognitive impairment in SLE is difficult to define and can be affected by several variables such as stress and anxiety. We surveyed three participants diagnosed with SLE over a period of ten weeks, measuring cognitive and physical symptoms via inventories, multiple environmental variables, such as temperature and sunlight exposure, and cognitive ability on tasks of working memory, short term memory, and inhibition. Self-reported cognitive symptoms did not correlate with cognitive performance on several memory tasks. However, cognitive symptoms were strongly correlated with physical symptoms, negative affect, diet, stress, sunlight exposure, and anxiety. Tasks of inhibition were influenced by sunlight exposure.