Kent State University’s Environmental Science and Design Research Initiative highlights our work in environmental sustainability, including from perspectives of science, art, and design. For the 2019/2020 academic year, we chose Biodesign as the theme of much of our programming because it spans these diverse fields and highlights an innovative approach to solving environmental problems.
Biodesign combines the approach of design thinking with knowledge and tools of biological systems. However, biodesign also goes further than this, advocating for integration of life into the technology that humanity relies on day-to-day. Living organisms are envisioned as incorporated into fabrication processes, products, and built and urban systems.
Browse the Environmental Science and Design Research Initiative 2020 Collections
Lead (Pb) Spatial Distribution and Speciation in Akron, Ohio.
04/15/2020Throughout the history of the United States Lead (Pb) has been used in a wide range of domestic and industrial products such as gasoline, paint, smelting, glass making, and tire vulcanization. Although new inputs of Pb to soils ceased in the 1990s, legacy Pb continues to be a risk to human health, particularly children, through ingestion and/or inhalation of Pb-bearing particles. Current practices regarding the risk of exposure to soil Pb do not address and remediate high Pb exposure areas until exposure has occurred. This work aims to determine how Pb speciation and distribution relate to each other at the neighborhood-level in an urban environment. A total of 82 soil samples were collected in Akron, OH; 30 from the Summit Lake neighborhood (Fall 2018), and 52 from Akron Public School students residences (Summer 2019). Total Pb was measured by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and potential bioaccessible Pb was determined using two methods: (1) a nitric acid solution and (2) a simulated gastric fluid. Extracted Pb was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Solid phase characterization will also be performed on samples to determine soil particle mineralogy and morphology through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Total Pb values ranged from 34.6 mg/kg to 1969.6 mg/kg +/- 335.1, with an average value of 227 +/- 335.1 mg/kg. Bioaccessible Pb values for the nitric acid solution ranged from below the detectable limit (BDL) to 24.79 +/- 3.93 ppm, with an average of 2.50 +/- 3.93 ppm per sample. For Bioaccessible Pb from the simulated gastric fluid values ranged from BDL to 15.86 +/- 2.46 ppm, with an average value of 1.38 +/- 2.46 ppm. Total and Bioaccessible Pb values will be used to create, the first of its kind, neighborhood-level Pb speciation and distribution map for Akron, OH., which could aid in determining focus areas for remediation efforts.
Liposomal Formulations of a Cholesterol-Tethered Pt(IV) Prodrug with Prolonged Circulation Time in Blood and Reduced Toxicity In vivo
04/15/2020Platinum based drugs play a crucial role as anticancer agents which are currently being used in clinic. Efficacy of this anticancer drugs are restricted by several side effects and drug resistance. Different drug targeting and delivery strategies have been applied to overcome these drawbacks over years. One of them is utilizing EPR (Enhanced Permeability and Retention) effect for targeting tumor cells including nanoparticles, liposome, macromolecules, micelles etc. Current work describes a strategy for loading the liposomal formulation with newly designed Platinum (IV) pro-drug and studies related to its therapeutic efficacy. The formulation being biodegradable and biocompatible, is efficient in cytotoxicity against various cell line was tested for its stability through human plasma, toxicity in-vivo, preferred accumulation in tumor cells at a higher ratio compared to cisplatin and finally activation to cisplatin initiating DNA damage and apoptosis in cancer cells.Macro and Micronutrient Regulation of Stream Biofilm Composition and Function
04/15/2020The composition, growth and metabolic processes of the autotrophic portion of stream biofilm communities is governed by resource availability. Bioavailable nitrogen (NO3-, NH4-) and phosphorus (PO43-) fuel primary production, while micronutrients play a lesser-understood role in the enzymes that facilitate specific physiological processes such as organic nutrient uptake and assimilation. Without micronutrients, cycling and assimilation of organic macronutrients, photosynthesis and respiration within biofilms would not be possible. Nutrient availability also shapes algal community composition by selecting for particular taxa. Using nutrient diffusing substrate, we assessed the role of macro (N, P) and micronutrients (Zn, Mo) on stream biofilm primary producer diversity, growth, metabolism and alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) across four sites upstream and downstream of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and nutrient rich tributary. Results indicate that APA, which facilitates organic P acquisition, increased for N treatments across all sites, while algal diversity had greater inter-site variation than variation elicited by nutrient treatment. Phosphorus enrichment increased growth prior to input from the WWTP, while growth had a negative response to N treatment directly after the WWTP inflow. Upstream of a nutrient rich tributary, N+P and N+Zn treatments stimulated the most growth, suggesting co-limitation of N and P and alleviation of P limitation by Zn through increased APA. These results indicate that macro and micronutrients co-limit specific processes within biofilms, and that micronutrients may regulate organic nutrient cycling in stream biofilms.
Measuring the Effects of Sedimentation on a Constructed Wetland Using Sensor-Collected Turbidity Data as a Proxy for Total Suspended Solids: Preliminary Results
04/15/2020With roughly three fourths of the planet’s wetlands disturbed by humans, constructed urban wetlands are becoming increasingly prevalent. These wetlands help manage urban wastewater and provide many ecosystem services, including water quality improvement, carbon sequestration, and flood control. Suspended sediments are a common pollutant in urban wastewater that can degrade a wetland’s natural filtering capabilities and can potentially bury the wetland if not managed correctly. Luckily, advances in sensor-monitoring technology may give scientists and engineers the tools they need to create wetlands that allow sediments to flow through the wetland without compromising the filtering processes. The Cleveland Metroparks Watershed Stewardship Center, located in northeast Ohio, wished to assess the flow of sediment through a series of on-site constructed wetlands in response to a nearby landfill. To measure how effectively sediment was passing through the wetlands, two popular sampling methods were employed: manually collected total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity data collected via sensors. Using the sensor data and volunteer-collected TSS data, we assessed the relationship between the two sampling methods to develop a sensor-collected proxy for suspended sediments measurements. We found an average turbidity reading of 1,012 NTU (standard deviation, N=27,971), while TSS averaged 85+/- 104 mg/L (standard deviation, N=10). Combining high-temporal resolution sensor-detected proxy measurements with more labor intensive, but more coarsely resolved direct measurements is an effective strategy for monitoring the water quality function of constructed wetlands. This will be critical to ensuring usable freshwater for future generations as the human species continues to spread across the earth.
Micro-Ecosystem Species Richness in Patchy Urban Habitats
04/15/2020Built infrastructure coupled with impervious surfaces characterizes urbanization which dramatically changes both biotic and abiotic attributes of an ecosystem from prior patterns. Vegetation in urban systems provides a vast array of ecosystem services, including biodiversity conservation, absorption of air pollutants, and oxygen generation. In this study, we examine natural habitats in natural areas now in urban land use to identify parallels in ecosystem function and biodiversity. Our research consists of three main steps: Identifying structurally analogous habitats in urban and nearby natural and spontaneous unmanaged habitats; characterizing the communities associated with these habitats and their functions to generate hypotheses about their potential applicability to urban systems. Herein, we present data from a preliminary study examining bryophyte communities growing in urban and natural thin soil environments in the Cuyahoga River watershed. At 23 sites within the study area, we characterized bryophyte communities and recorded physical attributes of their habitats. Bryophytes (mosses) were observed across all the sampled habitats. Providing patches of habitat in cities is the key to fostering biodiversity, however, many projects fostering urban biodiversity focus on larger infrastructure. Yet, small, ruderal patches of vegetation may offer functional habitat patches in areas where larger infrastructure elements cannot be accommodated.